In gynecological brachytherapy treatments, which organs are considered at risk?

In gynecological brachytherapy treatments, the organs considered at risk primarily include the bladder and rectum. These organs are situated in close proximity to the target treatment area, which typically includes the cervix and vagina. During brachytherapy, radioactive sources are placed directly inside or near the tumor, which can inadvertently expose these surrounding organs to radiation.

The bladder is at risk because it is located anterior to the cervix and can absorb significant radiation dose if not properly managed. This can lead to potential complications such as cystitis or other bladder dysfunctions. The rectum is situated posteriorly to the cervix and can also receive radiation doses, leading to issues like rectal bleeding, discomfort, or other rectal complications.

In contrast, the other organs mentioned—such as the kidneys and lungs, or the liver and spleen—are not typically at immediate risk in the context of gynecological brachytherapy due to their greater distance from the pelvic region where treatment occurs. Similarly, the stomach and esophagus are positioned far from the treatment area, making them less likely to be affected by the radiation delivered during this specific therapy. This delineation of at-risk organs is crucial for planning and optimizing treatment to minimize side effects while effectively targeting the tumor